Reprint requests to Sung Kun Chung. Department of Ophthalmology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, #62 Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 150-713, Korea. Corneal neovascularization is a change of the final result of infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, and metabolic diseases in the cornea, and approximately 4% of ophthalmic patients have this disease [1,2]. Occasionally, corneal neovascularization is helpful to wound healing or the impediment of infection, however it reduces corneal transparency, and thus becomes the cause of visual acuity deterioration and it may become the cause of rejection reaction during corneal transplantation in most cases [2]. To treat and prevent corneal neovascularization, various medical therapies, photodynamic therapy, and laser therapy have been attempted [3-11], but clinically established therapeutic procedures are not available.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported to play a very important role in corneal neovascularization. It has been reported that upon VEGF polymer injection into rat cornea, the formation of neovascularization progressed very rapidly [12], and a higher concentration of VEGF and its receptor was detected than in normal cornea upon examination of human cornea neovascularization [13,14].
Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) is a monoclonal antibody to the VEGF molecule, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of colorectal cancer, and has been used actively in clinics [15]. In the ophthalmic field, by systemic injection or injection to the vitreous cavity, it has been used effectively for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration as well as diabetic retinal edema or clinically significant macular edema and the results on such treatments have been reported [16-18]. In recent years, bevacizumab has been used to study corneal, conjunctival, and retinal neovascularization with rabbits [19,20].
In this study, it was examined whether bevacizumab, which has been used actively in retinal applications, is effective on the corneal neovascularization treatment through a simple and safe route, via topical or subconjunctival injection, in rabbit experiments.
Materials and Methods
Experiment animals
This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea, prior to experiments, and all the in vivo experiment procedures were performed according to regulation of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology for the ophthalmic field and studies on visual function. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits (Samtako, Osan, Korea), weighing between 2.0 kg and 2.5 kg were used regardless of their sex; all rabbits were examined prior to surgery and confirmed to have normal cornea.
Induction of corneal neovascularization
Systemic anesthesia was induced by the intramuscular injection of the mixture of tilemine and zolazepam, Zoletil (Vibrac, Carros, France), at a 0.2 mg/kg dose, and topical anesthesia was induced by proparacaine eye drop (Alcaine; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA). In 12 house rabbits (24 eyes), a corneal suture 3 mm in length passing through the corneal stroma area was performed using 7-0 black silk (Sofsilk; Syneture, Quebec, Canada), at the 12 o'clock direction distanced from the corneal limbus by 1 mm. After suturing, to prevent infection, ofloxacin eye drops (Ocuflox; Samil, Seoul, Korea) were administered four times per day for seven days. One week later, the suture was removed after confirming the sufficient formation of corneal neovascularization.
Treatment of the neovascularization with bevacizumab
To prevent error caused by the result of systemic absorption, saline was administered to the left eye of all 12 animals without special treatments and used as the control group (12 eyes). Among 12 right eyes, in four eyes cases, a 5 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop was administered twice a day for two weeks, and in the other four eyes cases, a 10 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop was administered twice a day for two weeks. The remaining four eyes were treated with the subconjunctival injection of 1.25 mg (0.01 mL) bevacizumab once, and afterward, no other treatments were administered.
The analysis of the neovascularization area
The picture of the cornea of each experiment group was taken one week and two weeks after treatment with a camera (Contax D-7, Stutgart, Germany) attached to a microscope (S21; Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) at 25 times magnification, and the neovascularization area was measured using Axiovision AC software (Carl Zeiss). Considering the area prior to treatment as one, the relative reduction level was calculated and analyzed.
Histological examination and the calculation of VEGF concentration
Two weeks after treatment, both eyes of 12 animals were extracted and the neovascularization area was cut into halves. The area with neovascularization was prepared as sections, and a histological test was performed. Of corneal sections obtained from each eye, one half was fixed in 10% neutral formalin, and after a dehydration process, embedded in paraffin. Sections were then prepared, stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and examined under a biomicroscope (BX-50; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). From the remaining corneal sections, the area with neovasculatures was measured accurately, and then immediately stored in a -80℃ freezer. For these tissues, 1 mm phenylmethylsulfonylfloride was added to phosphate buffered saline, and then homogenized as 200 µL/g volume. Afterward, the samples were centrifuged at 1,000 g, at 4℃ for ten minutes, and only the supernatant was used. The concentration of VEGF in tissues was measured by luminometer using the human VEGF immunoassay kit (R&D System, Minneapolis, MN, USA).
Results
Analysis of the area of corneal neovascularization
In all rabbits, sufficient neovasculature was formed on day seven after corneal suture, while infection, as well as other specific findings, were not detected. Images of the corneal neovascularization area enlarged 25 times were taken using a microscope, and the images prior to surgery, the first week, and the second week were compared and analyzed (Fig. 1).
The area of neovascularization of each group was analyzed and compared, and the result revealed that the groups administered 5 mg/mL bevacizumab, 10 mg/mL bevacizumab, and subconjunctival injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab showed greater reduction of neovascularization area than the control group (Fig. 2).
Comparing the difference between the groups administered 5 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop and 10 mg/mL eye drop, the p-value (Mann-Whitney U-test) of week 1 was 0.248, of week 2 was 0.083; a significant difference was not shown. Comparing the groups administered bevacizumab eye drop and treated by subconjunctival injection, a significant difference was not detected at the first week. However, the group treated with 10 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop showed a more significant reduction of neovascularization area than the group treated by subconjunctival injection at the second week (Fig. 2).
The result of histological examination under light microscope
treatment revealed that a greater neovascularization reduction within the corneal stroma than the control group was shown in the three treated groups. However, among the treated groups, a great difference in the number and area of neovasculatures was difficult to detect. Over the study period, significant injury in the corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium, that is, superficial punctate erosion, change of corneal thickness, conjunctival injection or any other type of corneal complication were not observed in all eyes (Fig. 3).
Measure of vascular endothelial growth factor concentration
The concentration of VEGF in each corneal section was compared, and the result showed that the control group contained 1,284.33±223.01 pg/mL, while the groups treated with 5 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop, 10 mg/mL eye drop, and subconjunctival injection were shown to be 998.33±130.93 pg/mL, 942.00±32.86 pg/mL, and 968.24±83.34 pg/mL, respectively. The treated group showed a reduction of significant concentrations in comparison with the control group (p<0.05), but a significant difference of concentrations was not detected among the three treated groups (p>0.05) (Fig. 4).
Discussion
To maintain the transparency of the cornea, it is very important to maintain avascularity, and for this, the appropriate homeostasis of vascular inhibitor factors and vascular growth factors should be maintained. When the balance of angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and VEGF, and angiogenic suppressors such as angiostatin, endostatin, and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) are disrupted by diseases, neovascularization develops [1,21].
For the treatment of corneal neovasculature, various drug therapies, laser photocoagulation, and surgical therapy have been attempted, but established therapeutic methods are not currently available. Previously, drug therapies including, steroid [6,8], non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents [3], cyclosporin A [22], thalidomide [3], prolactine [3], methotrexate [7], and angiostatin [4], have been reported. Although steroid eye drop therapy has been used most widely for the treatment and prevention of corneal neovascularization presently, it may cause glaucoma, cataract, infection, and other complications. Hence, its long term use can pose complications [6,8]. Studies attempted to treat corneal neovasculature by the application of angiogenesis suppressor factors such as angiostatin or PEDF, have been conducted, however, they eventually failed. Corneal laser photocoagulation using an argon laser may accompany recurrence of neovascularization, heat injury of adjacent tissues, and the consequent increase of inflammation [9]. As surgical therapy, limbal transplantation [23] or amniotic membrane transplantation [6] has been attempted, however, positive effects were not reported.
Recently, photodynamic treatment using verteporfin also has been used for the treatment of corneal neovascularization. Its short term effect has been reported to be very positive, but its long term effect has not been proven [10,11]. In addition, it has to be injected intravenously and repeated treatments are required, therefore its cost may become extremely high. Because of such diverse problems, verteporfin has been rarely used in clinics to date [24,25].
VEGF has been reported to play a very important role in numerous ophthalmic diseases accompanying neovascularization. VEGF stimulates and accelerates the various processes of neovascularization (protein degradation, proliferation, migration of endothelial cells, and formation of capillary blood vessels). In addition, in recent studies, VEGF-A has shown involvement not only in neovascularization, but also lymphangiogenesis [26,27]. VEGF is not only involved in the regulation of neovascularization, it also has been proven in animal studies that if VEGF were suppressed at the level of mRNA or protein, corneal neovascularization was also decreased [2,14,27].
Bevacizumab is a recombinant monoclonal antibody and it inhibits the binding of VEGF-A to its receptor by binding to VEGF-A [28]. Recently, in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration, positive results of the injection treatment of bevacizumab into the vitreous body have been reported [16-18]. Moreover, the injection of bevacizumab within the vitreous body has been reported to be very effective on the degeneration of the neovasculature in the iris or the iridial corneal margin area [29]. The safety of the drug has been reported to be excellent, and its systemic use has been reported to increase hypertension and thrombosis at a mild level in the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, its probability is very low, and it is thought that in cases of eye drop or subconjunctival injection, the incidence would be substantially decreased [30,31]. Also in cases where bevacizumab is injected within the vitreous body, special systemic side effects have not yet been reported [32].
During the injection of bevacizumab within the vitreous body, 1-2 mg is injected, and considering the vitreous body volume (5.2 mL), the concentration corresponding to 0.2-0.4 mg/mL [16-18]. Considering that the vitreous body is a closed space, it is thought that a concentration higher than this is required for the eye drop to be effective on corneal neovasculature. Therefore, in this study, neovascularization was induced in the cornea of house rabbits, 5 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop was administered to the eye, and 1.25 mg was used for the injection within the vitreous body.
Our experiments showed that the results of the groups treated with eye drop and subconjunctival injection were significant (p<0.05), but corneal neovasculature could not be completely removed. Considering the several causes of neovasculature formation, administration of bevacizumab twice a day alone via eye drop may not be effective. It is possible that the administered drug is removed by tears, and thus it could not react with all VEGF receptors. In fact, in our experiment, upon analysis of the VEGF concentration of corneal sections, the treatment group showed significantly lower values than the control group. Nevertheless, the VEGF concentration of the control group was still maintained at a constant level (Fig. 4). In other words, even after treatment, a large number of VEGF still remained in tissues. However, even in cases of subconjunctival injection, the result was not significantly different from eye drop treatments, and considering that the half-life of bevacizumab is less than 30 minutes, it appears that removal of the drug via tears may not be a great factor. In addition, the difference of the treatment according to eye drop concentrations was shown to be not significant (Fig. 2), therefore additional studies on this variable are also required. Moreover, our findings may be due to the presence of other cytokines (transforming growth factor a and b2; TGF a and b1, and FGF involved in corneal neovascularization in addition to VEGF) [21]. In the future, if drugs suppressing these cytokines were developed, a combination therapy may be considered. Third, the treatment period may also be considered. Actually, the eye drop treatment was terminated in two weeks, and the subconjunctival injection was terminated after only one treatment. Nonetheless, at two weeks after treatment, the neovasculature area was definitely smaller than after one week, and at the second week, the outcome of eye drop treatment was significantly better than the subconjunctival treatment (p=0.043). To improve the treatment effectiveness, prolonging the duration of eye drop treatment or repeated subconjunctival treatments may be one option.
Presently, the focus of bevacizumab application to the treatment of corneal neovascularization was the administration route and dose. Regarding the subjects, numerous studies have been performed recently. Furthermore, Bock et al. [33] have proven the fact that in experimental rat models, bevacizumab suppressed not only corneal neovascularization, but also neo-lymphangiogenesis, and both systemic administration and eye drop administration were reported to be effective. In addition, during the experiment processes, toxicity on the cornea was not detected. Manzano et al. [34]. have reported that for the treatment of the neovascularization in the rat cornea, a 4 mg/mL bevacizumab eye drop was administered, and satisfactory results were obtained. Erdurmus and Totan [35] have reported that in human eyes, 2.5 mg bevacizumab (0.1 mL) was injected subconjunctivally to two eyes with the neovasculature, which proved effective within one week, and special systemic complications were not detected. Only in one eye case, the degeneration of large blood vessels was not noticeable, which shows the necessity of diverse clinical studies on the dose of bevacizumab, with or without repeated injections, or in combination with other therapies.
In our study, regarding the effectiveness differences according to the eye drop concentration, the effectiveness was shown to not vary by the analysis of the neovasculature area and VEGF concentration, which shows that both routes are effective. However, if a difference between the eye drop treatment and the subconjunctival injection treatment was detected at the second week of treatment, the repeated treatment of the subconjunctival injection should be considered.
In addition to bevacizumab, ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) [36], and pegaptanib sodium (Macugen; Eyetech Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA) [37], are antibodies to VEGF developed recently. While these two drugs were already approved for the ophthalmic application, their shortcoming is excessively high cost. In the future, if the cost problem were solved, the use of these drugs for the treatment of corneal neovascularization should be also considered.
Because bevacizumab suppresses the proliferation of blood vessel and lymphoid tissues, it is hypothesized that it may elevate the survival rate of grafts after corneal transplantation, and it may be used for diverse ophthalmic diseases such as the treatment of herpes keratitis with neovascularization and the prevention of recurrence after the pterygium surgery. Based on our study, it is thought that bevacizumab would be used as a definite supplement therapy for the treatment of corneal neovascularization in the future, and clinical studies on the dose, administration route, administration duration, and frequency are required.
PDF Links
PubReader
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Full text via PMC
Download Citation
Print
